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Eunica Hübner 1819

Andrew V. Z. Brower and Niklas Wahlberg
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taxon links [down<--]Epicaliini Interpreting the tree
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The root of the current tree connects the organisms featured in this tree to their containing group and the rest of the Tree of Life. The basal branching point in the tree represents the ancestor of the other groups in the tree. This ancestor diversified over time into several descendent subgroups, which are represented as internal nodes and terminal taxa to the right.

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Phylogenetic hypothesis of species in Eunica from Jenkins (1990)
Containing group: Epicaliini

Introduction

The genus Eunica was extensively revised by Jenkins (1990), who also included a cladistic analysis of 55 morphological characters. Species of Eunica are found mainly in South America with a few species found in Central America and the Greater Antilles. The genus comprises 40 currently accepted species (Lamas 2004). The host plants have been recorded for only a few species, but in line with other species in Biblidinae, these are in the plant families Euphorbiaceae and Burseraceae.

Characteristics

According to Jenkins (1990) the diagnostic features of Eunica are:

  1. Male uncus with a terminal small, usually separate, extended and curved beak
  2. Male tegumen elongate and often constricted posteriorly
  3. Male gnathos reduced, narrowed or shortened, rarely with a gnathos arm and rarely fused or joined ventrally
  4. Forewing with base of costa somewhat angled
  5. Male wings black or brown usually marked or glossed with iridescent blue, females dimorphic, usually brown with white maculae or band on forewing

Discussion of Phylogenetic Relationships

The phylogenetic hypothesis for Eunica is based solely on morphological characters at the moment. The tree has a consistency index of 0.40, meaning that many of the characters are homoplasious. Clearly more data (both morphological and molecular) are needed to corroborate the relationships shown. The study by Jenkins (1990) did have several well-supported results. First, he showed that the species Eunica cuvierii (previously placed in the monotypic genus Libythina) belongs in Eunica. Several of the clades in the tree above are supported by unique synapomorphies.

Other Names for Eunica Hübner 1819

References

Jenkins, D. W. 1990. Neotropical Nymphalidae. VIII. Revision of Eunica. Bulletin of the Allyn Museum 131:1-175.

Lamas, G. (ed) 2004. Atlas of Neotropical Lepidoptera. Checklist: Part 4A, Hesperioidea - Papilionoidea. Scientific Publishers, Gainsville, Florida.

Title Illustrations
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Scientific Name Eunica viola
Location Peru
Specimen Condition Dead Specimen
Identified By Niklas Wahlberg
Sex Male
View underside
Image Use creative commons This media file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License - Version 3.0.
Copyright © Niklas Wahlberg
Scientific Name Eunica eurota
Location Pantanal, Brazil
Specimen Condition Live Specimen
Identified By Kim Garwood
Life Cycle Stage adult
View dorsal
Source Eurota Purplewing
Source Collection Neotropical Butterflies
Copyright © 2003 Kim Garwood
About This Page


Middle Tennessee State University, Murfreesboro, Tennessee, USA

Niklas Wahlberg
University of Turku, Finland

Correspondence regarding this page should be directed to Andrew V. Z. Brower at and Niklas Wahlberg at

Page: Tree of Life Eunica Hübner 1819. Authored by Andrew V. Z. Brower and Niklas Wahlberg. The TEXT of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License - Version 3.0. Note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. Click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. For the general terms and conditions of ToL material reuse and redistribution, please see the Tree of Life Copyright Policies.

Citing this page:

Brower, Andrew V. Z. and Niklas Wahlberg. 2008. Eunica Hübner 1819. Version 25 July 2008 (under construction). http://tolweb.org/Eunica/70457/2008.07.25 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/

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For a more detailed explanation of the different ToL page types, have a look at the Structure of the Tree of Life page.

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