Proboscidea

Other Names for Proboscidea

• proboscideans
• Elephants, mammoths, mastodons, etc.

References

Court, N. 1995. A new species of Numidotherium (Mammalia: Proboscidea) from the Eocene of Libya and the early phylogeny of the Proboscidea. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 15:650-671.

Gheerbrant, E., J. Sudre, and H. Cappetta. 1996. A Palaeocene proboscidean from Morocco. Nature 383:68-70.

Gheerbrant, E., J. Sudre, H. Cappetta, and G. Bignot. 1998. Phosphatherium escuilliei, from the Thancetian of the Ouled Abdoun basin (Morocco), oldest known Proboscidean (Mammalia) from Africa. Geobios 31:247-269.

Greenwood, A. D., C. Capelli, G. Possnert, and S. Pääbo. 1999. Nuclear DNA sequences from late Pleistocene megafauna. Molecular Biology and Evolution 16:1466-1473.

Hauf, J., P. J. Waddell, N. Chalwatzis, U. Joger, and F. K. Zimmermann. 1999. The complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the African elephant (Loxodonta africana), phylogenetic relationships of Proboscidea to other mammals, and D-loop heteroplasmy. Zoology - Analysis of Complex Systems 102:184-195.

Haynes, G. 1991. Mammoths, Mastodonts, and Elephants: Biology, Behavior, and the Fossil Record. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge and New York.

Kalb, J. E. and D. J. Froehlich. 1995. Interrelationships of Late Neogene Elephantoids: New evidence from the Middle Awash Valley, Afar, Ethiopia. Geobios 28:727-736.

Liu, A. G. S. C. , E. R. Seiffert, and E. L. Simons. 2008. Stable isotope evidence for an amphibious phase in early proboscidean evolution. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 105(15):5786-5791.

Mahboubi, M., R. Ameur, J. Y. Crochet, and J. J. Jaeger. 1984. Earliest knwon proboscidean from early Eocene of north-west Africa. Nature 308:543-544.

Ozawa, T., S. Hayashi, and V. M. Mikhelson. 1997. Phylogenetic position of Mammoth and Steller's sea cow within Tethytheria demonstrated by mitochondrial DNA sequences. Journal of Molecular Evolution 44:406-413.

Rohland, N., A. S. Malaspinas, J. L. Pollack, M. Slatkin, P. Matheus, and M. Hofreiter. 2007. Proboscidean mitogenomics: chronology and mode of elephant evolution using mastodon as outgroup. PLoS Biol 5:e207.

Sanders, W. J. 1999. Oldest record of Stegodon (Mammalia: Proboscidea). Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology 19:793-797.

Shoshani, J. 1998. Understanding proboscidean evolution: a formidable task. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 13:480-487.

Shoshani, J. and P. Tassy (eds.) 1996. The Proboscidea. Evolution and Palaeoecology of Elephants and Their Relatives. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

Tassy, P. 1987. A hypothesis on the homology of proboscidean tusks based on palaeontological data. American Museum Novitates 2895:1-18.

Tassy, P. 1988. The classification of Proboscidea - how many cladistic classifications? Cladistics 4:43-57.

Tassy, P. 1994. Gaps, parsimony, and early Miocene elephantoids (Mammalia), with a reevaluation of Gomphotherium annectens (Matsumoto, 1925). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 112:101-117.

Yang, H., E. M. Golenberg, and J. Shoshani. 1996. Phylogenetic resolution within the Elephantidae using fossil DNA sequence from the American mastodon (Mammut americanum) as an outgroup. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (USA) 93:1190-1194.

Yang, H., E. M. Golenberg, and J. Shoshani. 1997. Proboscidean DNA from museum and fossil specimens: An assessment of ancient DNA extraction and amplification techniques. Biochemical Genetics 35:165-179.

Information on the Internet

• Order Proboscidea. Animal Diversity Web. University of Michigan Museum of Zoology.
• Introduction to the Proboscidea. UCMP Berkeley.
• Timetable of Proboscid Genera. Kingdoms Project's Natural Sciences Databases.
• 1991 Mastodon Discovery. Nova Scotia Museum of Natural History.
• Mastodons along the Mississippi. Greatriver Publishing.