Hymenoptera

Other Names for Hymenoptera

• hymenopterans
• Wasps, ants, bees, and sawflies

References

Carpenter, J. M., and W. C. Wheeler. 1999. Towards simultaneous analysis of morphological and molecular data in Hymenoptera. Zoologica Scripta 28(1-2):251-260.

Crozier, R. H. 1975. Hymenoptera. Borntraeger, Berlin; Stuttgart.

Danforth, B. D. 1989. The evolution of hymenopteran wings: The importance of size. Journal Of Zoology 218(2):247-276.

Gauld, I. and Bolton, B. 1988. The Hymenoptera. British Museum (Natural History); Oxford University Press, London; Oxford; New York.

Gibson, G.A.P. 1985. Some pro- and mesothoracic structures important for phylogenetic analysis of Hymenoptera, with a review of terms used for the structures. Can. Ent. 117:1395-1443.

Goulet, H. and J. T. Huber. 1993. Hymenoptera of the world: an identification guide to families. Agriculture Canada Research Branch Monograph no. 1894E.

Johnson, N. F. 1988. Midcoxal articulations and the phylogeny of the order Hymenoptera. Annals Of The Entomological Society Of America 81(6): 870-881.

Krombein, K. V. 1979. Catalog of Hymenoptera in America north of Mexico. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington.

Quicke, D. L. J., M. G. Fitton, et al. 1992. Phylogenetic implications of the structure and distribution of ovipositor valvilli in the Hymenoptera (Insecta). Journal Of Natural History 26(3):587-608.

Quicke, D. L. J., S. N. Ingram, et al. 1992. Sperm structure and ultrastructure in the Hymenoptera (Insecta). Zoologica Scripta 21(4):381-402.

Ronquist, F. 1999. Phylogeny of the Hymenoptera (Insecta): The state of the art. Zoologica Scripta 28(1-2):3-11.

Ronquist, F., A.P. Rasnitsyn, A. Roy, K. Eriksson, and M. Lindren. 1999. Phylogeny of the Hymenoptera: A cladistic reanalysis of Rasnitsyn's data (1988) data. Zoologica Scripta 28:13-50.

Saini, M. S. 1986. Comparative studies on the metapostnotal modifications in suborder Symphyta and Hymenoptera Parasitica. Journal Of Entomological Research 10(1):85-90.

Schulmeister, S. 2003. Morphology and evolution of the tarsal plantulae in Hymenoptera (Insecta), focussing on the basal lineages. Zoologica Scripta 32:153-172.

Schulmeister, S. 2003. Review of morphological evidence on the phylogeny of basal Hymenoptera (Insecta), with a discussion of the ordering of characters. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79:209-243.

Schulmeister, S. 2003. Simultaneous analysis of basal Hymenoptera (Insecta): introducing robust-choice sensitivity analysis. Biological Journal of the Linnean Society 79:245-275.

Schulmeister, S., W. C. Wheeler, and J. M. Carpenter. 2002. Simultaneous analysis of the basal lineages of Hymenoptera (Insecta) using sensitivity analysis. Cladistics 18:455-484.

Sharkey, M. J. 2007. Phylogeny and Classification of Hymenoptera. Pages 521-548 in: Zhang, Z.-Q. & Shear, W.A., eds. Linnaeus Tercentenary: Progress in Invertebrate Taxonomy. Zootaxa 1668:1–766.

Sharkey, M. J. and A. Roy. 2002. Phylogeny of the Hymenoptera: a reanalysis of the Ronquist etal. (1999) reanalysis, emphasizing wing venation and apocritan relationships. Zoologica Scripta 31:57-66.

Vilhelmsen, L. 1997. The phylogeny of lower Hymenoptera (Insecta), with a summary of the early evolutionary history of the order. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, 35:49-70.

Vilhelmsen, L. 2000. The ovipositor apparatus of basal Hymenoptera (Insecta): phylogenetic implications and functional morphology. Zoologica Scripta 29:319-345.

Vilhelmsen, L. 2001. Phylogeny and classification of the extant basal lineages of the Hymenoptera (Insecta). Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society 131:393-442.

Whitfield, J. B., N. F. Johnson, et al. 1989. Identity and phylogenetic significance of the metapostnotum in nonaculeate Hymenoptera. Annals Of The Entomological Society Of America 82(6):663-673.

Information on the Internet

• HymAToL. A project funded by the National Science Foundation under the “Assembling the Tree Of Life” initiative. It aims to construct a large-scale phylogenetic analysis of the Hymenoptera.
• The International Society of Hymenopterists
• Hymenoptera Name Server (Ohio State University)
• The Social Insects Web (American Museum of Natural History)
• Cal Academy Hymenoptera
• CSIRO Hymenoptera Ecowatch
• Hymenoptera Families (INBIO, Costa Rica)
• Introduction to the Hymenoptera at UCMP Berkeley
• Introduction to the Hymenoptera (USDA)