Oh my goodness! Unless you are a Tree of Life developer, you really shouldn't be here. This page is part of our beta test site, where we develop new features for the ToL, often messing up a thing or two in the process. Please visit the official version of this page, which is available here.
Complete

Gonatus antarcticus Lönnberg 1898

Tsunemi Kubodera
Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window


Containing group: Gonatus

Introduction

Gonatus antarcticus was described by Lonnberg (1898) based on a stranded specimen near the Straits of Magellan (mm ML). He stressed that G. antarcticus difffered markedly from G. fabricii, which was the sole Gonatus species known at that time from the northern North Atlantic, by having greatly reduced marginal suckers, compressed hooks of arms I-III, and a little broader and differently shaped gladius. These characters stressed by Lonnberg may be due the comparison with the description of G. fabricii which was based on young individuals.

Diagnosis

A Gonatus with ... 

 

Characteristics

  1. Arms
    1. Short (40-50% of ML), thick amd muscular.
    2. Arm formula IV, II=III, I, but differences in lengths not prominent.
    3. Arm IV with thin lateral keels and arm III with swimming keel along entire lengths.
    4. Number of hooks and suckers on 1/2 arm III 20-21 and 21-22, respectively.
      Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
      Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window

      Photo. Gonatus antarcticus (ca. 22cm ML): deposited in South African Museum, Cape Town. Lavel indicates this specimen was identified into G. fabricii but judging from the locality this specimen should be G. antarcticus.

  2. Tentacles
    1. Tentacle long (TL=ML) with relatively small club (TCL=16-17% ML).
    2. Large central hook with medium-sized distal hook.
    3. 3-4 hooks proximal to central large hook, distal one largest and decreasing in size rapidly proximally.
    4. Numerous small suckers on the median portion of the tentacular stalk.
    5. Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
      Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window

      Figure. Oral views of the tentacle and club of G. antarcticus. Top - Tentacle, 230 mm ML, NSMT-Mo 63957. Drawings from Kubodera & Okutani (1986). Bottom - Club, 113 mm ML. Photograph by R. Young.

  3. Head
    1. Almost squarish in shape, slightly narrower than mantle opening.
    2. Funnel cartilage lanceolate in shape; nuchal cartilage rectangular with three grooves.

  4. Fins and tail
    1. Fins long, narrow (FL=1/2ML), sagittate with round sides (FW=83% of FL).
    2. Long tail (ca. 20% of ML).

  5. Photophores
    1. Photophores absent.

Comments

Gonatus antarcticus is considered to be closely related to Gonatus species in the North Atrantic, i. e., G. fabricii and G. steenstrupi on the basis of external morphology. Imber (1978) considered that G. californiensis might be a synonym of G. antarcticus without reliable information. Tentacluar club structure and number of suckers on the tentacular stalk of G. californiensis apparently differ from G. antarcticus. Complete absence of Gonatus in  tropical waters indicates that this group has a distinct bipolar distiribution. Imber (1978) also described G. phoebetriae based on a single lower beak form the stomach contents of sooty albatross from off New Zealand. However, the validity of G. phoebetriae is very dubious due to incomplete comparison among beaks in the families and considered to be a species dubium. G. antarcticus is the sole Gonatus species distributed in the southern hemisphere.

More details of the description of G. antarcticus can be found here.

Distribution

The distribution of G. antarcticus is primarily in the Atlantic sector of Antarctic waters around the Antarctic Convergence at  40 S. More details of the distribution are found here.

Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window

Figure. Distribution of G. antarcticus. Dark pink area indicates known range; this species may have circum-antarctic distribution. Chart modified from Okutani (2005).

References

Kristensen, T. 1981. The genus Gonatus Gray, 1849 (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) in the North Atlantic. A revision of the North Atlantic species and description of Gonatus steenstrupi n. sp. Steenstrupia, 7(4): 61-99.

Kubodera, T. and T. Okutani. 1986. New and Rare Cephalopods from the Antarctic Waters. Memoirs of National Institute of Polar Research, Special Issue, 44:129-143.

Okutani, T. 2005. Cuttlefishes and squids of the world. Publication for the 40th Aniversary of the Foundation of National Cooperative Association of Squid Processors. 253pp.

Title Illustrations
Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
Click on an image to view larger version & data in a new window
Scientific Name Galiteuthis glacialis
Location Ross Sea, Antarctica at 66°54'S, 171°04'E
Creator Darren Stevens
Acknowledgements New Zealand part of the International Polar Year and the Census of Antarctic Marine Life
Identified By Darren Stevens
View Ventral
Size 210 mm ML
Collection NIWA
Collector LINZ
Image Use creative commons This media file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License - Version 3.0.
Copyright © D.Stevens NZ IPY-CAML
Scientific Name Gonatus antarcticus
Location 47°24' S, 59°37' W, north of Falkland Islands in the South Atlantic Ocean
Comments Bottom trawl at about 928 m depth
Reference Kubodera, T. and T. Okutani. 1986. New and Rare Cephalopods from the Antarctic Waters. Memoirs of National Institute of Polar Research, Special Issue, 44:129-143.
Identified By T. Kubodera, T. Okutani
View Ventral
Size 230 mm ML
Image Use creative commons This media file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License - Version 3.0.
Copyright ©
About This Page


National Science Museum, Tokyo, Japan

Correspondence regarding this page should be directed to Tsunemi Kubodera at

Page: Tree of Life Gonatus antarcticus Lönnberg 1898. Authored by Tsunemi Kubodera. The TEXT of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial License - Version 3.0. Note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. Click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. For the general terms and conditions of ToL material reuse and redistribution, please see the Tree of Life Copyright Policies.

Citing this page:

Kubodera, Tsunemi. 2006. Gonatus antarcticus Lönnberg 1898. Version 31 May 2006. http://tolweb.org/Gonatus_antarcticus/19778/2006.05.31 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/

edit this page
close box

This page is a Tree of Life Leaf Page.

Each ToL leaf page provides a synopsis of the characteristics of a group of organisms representing a leaf at the tip of the Tree of Life. The major distinction between a leaf and a branch of the Tree of Life is that a leaf cannot generally be further subdivided into subgroups representing distinct genetic lineages.

For a more detailed explanation of the different ToL page types, have a look at the Structure of the Tree of Life page.

close box

Gonatus antarcticus

Page Content

articles & notes

collections

people

Explore Other Groups

random page

  go to the Tree of Life home page
top