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Ephedra

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Containing group: Gnetales

Notes

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Image copyright © 1995 David R. Maddison

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Image copyright © 1995 David R. Maddison

References

Caveney, S., D. A. Charlet, H. Freitag, M. Maier-Stolte, and A. N. Starratt. 2001. New observations on the secondary chemistry of world Ephedra (Ephedraceae). American Journal of Botany 88:1199-1208.

Freitag, H. and M. Maier-Stolte. 1989. The Ephedra-species of P. Forsskal: identity and typification. Taxon 38:545-556.

Friedman, W. E. 1990. Double fertilization in Ephedra, a nonflowering seed plant: Its bearing on the origin of angiosperms. Science 247:951-954.

Friedman, W. E. 1990. Sexual reproduction in Ephedra nevadensis (Ephedraceae): Further evidence of double fertilization in a nonflowering seed plant. Am. J. Bot. 77:1582-1598.

Huang, J., D. E. Giannasi and R. A. Price. 2005. Phylogenetic relationships in Ephedra (Ephedraceae) inferred from chloroplast and nuclear DNA sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 35(1):48-59.

Huang, J. and R. A. Price. 2003. Estimation of the age of extant Ephedra using chloroplast rbcL sequence data. Molecular Biology and Evolution 20(3):435-440.

Hunziker, J. H. 1995. The karyotypes of Ephedra ochreata, E. rupestris and E. viridis. Darwiniana 33:369-370.

Land, W. J. G. 1907. Fertilization and embryogeny in Ephedra trifurca. Bot. Gaz. 44:273-292.

Price, R. A. 1996. Systematics of the Gnetales: a review of morphological and molecular evidence. International Journal of Plant Sciences157(6, Suppl.): S40-S49.

Rydin, C., K. R. Pedersen, and E. M. Friis. 2004. On the evolutionary history of Ephedra: Cretaceous fossils and extant molecules.

Yang, Y., B.-Y. Geng, D. L. Dilcher, Z.-D. Chen, and T. A. Lott. 2005. Morphology and affinities of an Early Cretaceous Ephedra (Ephedraceae) from China. American Journal of Botany 92:231-241.

Title Illustrations
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Ephedra strobili: Ovulate strobili of E. triandra at left, E. antisyphilitica in the middle [ note pollination droplet at apex]; pollen strobili of E. coryi at right, note long peduncles.

Scientific Name Ephedra
Specimen Condition Live Specimen
Image Use creative commons This media file is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike License - Version 3.0.
Copyright © 2001 Steffi Ickert-Bond
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Page: Tree of Life Ephedra. The TEXT of this page is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution License - Version 3.0. Note that images and other media featured on this page are each governed by their own license, and they may or may not be available for reuse. Click on an image or a media link to access the media data window, which provides the relevant licensing information. For the general terms and conditions of ToL material reuse and redistribution, please see the Tree of Life Copyright Policies.

Citing this page:

Tree of Life Web Project. 1995. Ephedra. Version 01 January 1995 (temporary). http://tolweb.org/Ephedra/21721/1995.01.01 in The Tree of Life Web Project, http://tolweb.org/

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